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Amsterdam in the meantime was growing to be a more important city. After the establishment of the Republic of the United Netherlands in 1572/1581, Dordrecht briefly became the seat of government of the United Provinces , residence of the States General, the Council of State and the Prince of Orange as Prince Stadtholder .
Traders, artists, burghers: A cultural history of Amsterdam in the 17th century (1976) Roekholt, Richter. A short history of Amsterdam (2004) Schama, Simon. The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (1997) Shorto, Russell. Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City. New York: Vintage Books 2014.
Amsterdam has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) [83] strongly influenced by its proximity to the North Sea to the west, with prevailing westerly winds. Amsterdam, as well as most of the North Holland province, lies in USDA Hardiness zone 8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent.
The city of Amsterdam is also part of several functional forms of regional government. These include the Waterschap (water board) of Amstel, Gooi en Vecht, which is responsible for water management, and the Stadsregio (City Region) of Amsterdam, which has responsibilities in the areas of spatial planning and public transport.
Trade in the region developed rapidly, especially in the areas of shipping and transport. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England.
The first Amsterdam boroughs were created in 1981, with other boroughs created in later years. The last area to be granted the status of borough was Amsterdam-Centrum (2002). The existing system of seven boroughs, covering most parts of Amsterdam , is the result of a major borough reform in 2010.
2006 - Amsterdam Film eXperience begins. 2007 KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival begins. Diamond Museum Amsterdam opens. Centrale Bibliotheek moves into new building. Amsterdam City Archives relocates to De Bazel building. De Schreeuw memorial erected in the Oosterpark. [43] 2008 - Amsterdam Holendrecht railway station opens. 2009 - H'ART ...
The Merchant Republics: Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Hamburg, 1648-1790 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) 356 pp. Regin, Derek. Traders, artists, burghers: A cultural history of Amsterdam in the 17th century (1976) Roekholt, Richter. A short history of Amsterdam (2004) Shorto, Russell. Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City. New York ...