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  2. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    If a term is odd, the next term is 3 times the previous term plus 1. The conjecture is that these sequences always reach 1, no matter which positive integer is chosen to start the sequence. The conjecture has been shown to hold for all positive integers up to 2.95 × 10 20, but no general proof has been found.

  3. Mathematical fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_fallacy

    In mathematics, certain kinds of mistaken proof are often exhibited, and sometimes collected, as illustrations of a concept called mathematical fallacy.There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in a proof leads to an invalid proof while in the best-known examples of mathematical fallacies there is some element of concealment or ...

  4. Proving a negative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proving_a_negative

    Proving a negative or negative proof may refer to: Proving a negative, in the philosophic burden of proof; Evidence of absence in general, such as evidence that there is no milk in a certain bowl; Modus tollens, a logical proof; Proof of impossibility, mathematics; Russell's teapot, an analogy: inability to disprove does not prove

  5. Fermat's Last Theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_Last_Theorem

    If x is negative, and y and z are positive, then it can be rearranged to get (−x) n + z n = y n again resulting in a solution in N; if y is negative, the result follows symmetrically. Thus in all cases a nontrivial solution in Z would also mean a solution exists in N , the original formulation of the problem.

  6. Scientists find evidence of ‘negative time’ - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/scientists-evidence-negative...

    “It took a positive amount of time, but our experiment observing that photons can make atoms seem to spend a *negative* amount of time in the excited state is up!”

  7. Proof of impossibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility

    One of the widely used types of impossibility proof is proof by contradiction.In this type of proof, it is shown that if a proposition, such as a solution to a particular class of equations, is assumed to hold, then via deduction two mutually contradictory things can be shown to hold, such as a number being both even and odd or both negative and positive.

  8. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

    Since a negative number times another negative is positive, we have: ... Then we sketch the proof that this agrees with the previous definition: ...

  9. Riemann hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

    If s is a negative even integer, then ζ(s) = 0, because the factor sin(π s/2) vanishes; these are the zeta function's trivial zeros. (If s is a positive even integer this argument does not apply because the zeros of the sine function are canceled by the poles of the gamma function as it takes negative integer arguments.)