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The Penman equation describes evaporation (E) from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and solar radiation to predict E. Simpler Hydrometeorological equations continue to be used where obtaining such data is impractical, to give comparable results within specific contexts, e.g. humid vs ...
E = Mass water evapotranspiration rate (g s −1 m −2) ET = Water volume evapotranspired (mm s −1) Δ = Rate of change of saturation specific humidity with air temperature. (Pa K −1) R n = Net irradiance (W m −2), the external source of energy flux G = Ground heat flux (W m −2), usually difficult to measure c p = Specific heat ...
Since evaporation ponds operate best with greater surface area of evaporation, large amount of land is required, so low quality, low cost land is better [2] A shallow pond covering greater surface area will result in faster rates of evaporation. [2] A view of evaporation ponds that are designed to extend for miles of land
An evaporation pan is used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given location. Such pans are of varying sizes and shapes, the most commonly used being circular or square. [3] The best known of the pans are the "Class A" evaporation pan and the "Sunken Colorado Pan". [4]
Monthly estimated potential evapotranspiration and measured pan evaporation for two locations in Hawaii, Hilo and Pahala. Potential evapotranspiration is usually measured indirectly, from other climatic factors, but also depends on the surface type, such as free water (for lakes and oceans), the soil type for bare soil, and also the density and diversity of vegetation.
Rate of transpiration can be influenced by factors including plant type, soil type, weather conditions and water content, and also cultivation practices. [6]: Ch. 1, "Transpiration" Evapotranspiration is typically measured in millimeters of water (i.e. volume of water moved per unit area of the Earth's surface) in a set unit of time. [6]:
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. [1] A high concentration of the evaporating substance in the surrounding gas significantly slows down evaporation, such as when humidity affects rate of evaporation of water. [2]
Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location (usually meaning stream, phase, fraction, or component) to another.Mass transfer occurs in many processes, such as absorption, evaporation, drying, precipitation, membrane filtration, and distillation.