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Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a reaction with the cancer. [ 2 ] The markers can't be used to give patients a diagnosis but can be compared with the result of other tests like biopsy or imaging.
CA 15-3, for Carcinoma Antigen 15-3, is a tumor marker for many types of cancer, most notably breast cancer. [1] [2] [3]It is derived from MUC1. [4] CA 15-3 and associated CA 27-29 are different epitopes on the same protein antigen product of the breast cancer-associated MUC1 gene.
CA 27.29 is a tumor marker for breast cancer. [1] It is a form of glycoprotein MUC1. [2] References This page was last edited on 4 November 2023 ...
Two areas in particular that are receiving attention as surrogate markers include circulating tumor cells (CTCs) [45] [46] and circulating miRNAs. [47] [48] Both these markers are associated with the number of tumor cells present in the blood, and as such, are hoped to provide a surrogate for tumor progression and metastasis. However ...
In addition to these common markers, there are prognostic markers specific to different cancer types. For example estrogen level, progesterone and HER2 are markers specific to breast cancer patients. There is evidence showing that genes behaving as tumor suppressors or carcinogens could act as prognostic markers due to altered gene expression ...
Consequently, CEA is usually present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults (about 2–4 ng/mL). [2] However, the serum levels are raised in some types of cancer, which means that it can be used as a tumor marker in clinical tests. Serum levels can also be elevated in heavy smokers. [3]
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