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The nictitating membrane of a masked lapwing as it closes over the left eye, originating from the medial canthus. The nictitating membrane (from Latin nictare, to blink) is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye from the medial canthus to protect and moisten it while maintaining vision.
Close-up of prolapsed gland in small breed dog. KCS is not common in dogs, affecting one per cent of the dog population. [9] KCS is a chronic degenerative conjunctivitis that can lead to impaired vision and blindness. [2] KCS has a wide array of causes including drug toxicity, cherry eye, previous surgery, trauma, and irradiation. [2]
The plica semilunaris is a small fold of bulbar conjunctiva on the medial canthus of the eye.It functions during movement of the eye, to help maintain tear drainage via the lacrimal lake, and to permit greater rotation of the globe, for without the plica the conjunctiva would attach directly to the eyeball, restricting movement. [1]
It colonizes the trachea and bronchi. The main host is the red fox, but dogs, tanuki, wolves, and coyotes are also infested. [33] C. vulpis has been detected in about 1% of domestic dogs in Germany, [3] and in dogs with pulmonary symptoms in 2.4 to 6% of animals. [33] In Canada, an infection rate of 3.2% has been determined. [9]
Histiocytoma is a benign skin tumor that is more frequent in young dogs (<4 years), and often regresses without treatment. [ 165 ] Malignant histiocytosis ( histiocytic sarcoma ) is an aggressive cancer found primarily in certain breeds including the Bernese Mountain Dog , rottweiler , golden retriever and flat coated retriever .
The Harderian gland is a gland found within the eye's orbit that occurs in tetrapods (reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals) that possess a nictitating membrane. [ 1 ] The gland can be compound tubular or compound tubuloalveolar , and the fluid it secretes ( mucous , serous or lipid ) varies between different groups of animals.
Naïve organisms initially produce a reflexive, unconditioned response (UR) (e.g. blink or extension of nictitating membrane) that follows US onset. After many CS-US pairings, an association is formed such that a learned blink, or conditioned response (CR), occurs and precedes US onset. [ 1 ]
This is in order to allow production of normal basement membrane and division of normal epithelium. Often further treatment is necessary, such as a keratotomy, which is superficial cutting or piercing of the cornea. There are two main types used in dogs: multiple punctate keratotomy (MPK) and grid keratotomy (GK).