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A powder with a slower burning rate is used to make the most use of the length of a rifle barrel. Most .22 long rifle powders increase velocity up to about 19 in (480 mm) of the barrel. The powder used in the Stinger increases velocity up to the longest .22 barrel length tested by the NRA, 26 in (660 mm). [24]
The overall length is still within the max overall length for the .22 long rifle. The .22 long is still produced even after the change over to smokeless powders . CCI currently loads a high-velocity .22 long with a muzzle velocity of 1,215 ft/s (370 m/s) and a muzzle energy of 95 ft⋅lbf (129 J) [ 2 ]
So, the muzzle velocity of a 2-inch (51 mm) barrel is less than that of a 4-inch (100 mm) barrel, which is less than that of a 6-inch (150 mm) barrel. Large naval guns will have high length-to-diameter ratios, ranging between 38:1 to 50:1. This length ratio maximizes the projectile velocity.
The initial testing was done in 2008 and tested the velocity of 13 common handgun cartridges as it related to firearm barrel length. In 2009 an additional three calibers were tested and in 2010 and 2011 more calibers were added. Also in 2011 testing was carried out to study the "cylinder gap effect" on the velocity of ammunition shot from ...
.22 caliber, or 5.6 mm, refers to a common firearms bore diameter of 0.22 inch (5.6 mm) in both rimfire and centerfire cartridges. Cartridges in this caliber include the very widely used .22 Long Rifle and .223 Remington/5.56×45mm NATO. .22 inch is also a popular air gun pellet caliber, second only to the ubiquitous .177 caliber.
Muzzle energy is dependent upon the factors previously listed, and velocity is highly variable depending upon the length of the barrel a projectile is fired from. [2] Also the muzzle energy is only an upper limit for how much energy is transmitted to the target, and the effects of a ballistic trauma depend on several other factors as well.
The weight of the bullet is a key part of achieving a very high velocity for a rimfire round. It weighs only 17 grains (1.10 g) vs 30-40 grains (1.94-2.59 g) of a typical .22 LR bullet. [2]
The energy conversion efficiency of a firearm strongly depends on its construction, especially on its caliber and barrel length. However, for illustration, here is the energy balance of a typical small firearm for .300 Hawk ammunition: [1] Barrel friction 2%; Projectile motion 32%; Hot gases 34%; Barrel heat 30%; Unburned propellant 1%.