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The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Teacher and Parent Rating Scale (SNAP), developed by James Swanson, Edith Nolan and William Pelham, is a 90-question self-report inventory designed to measure attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in children and young adults.
Norms have been collected for large samples of children in elementary school with the teacher version, but norms for a clinical sample have not been reported. [2] Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.) Good Cronbach's alpha was over .90 for all of the subscales in many studies. [2] [3] Inter-rater reliability: TBD
Brain imaging studies have suggested that children with ODD may have hypofunction in the part of the brain responsible for reasoning, judgment, and impulse control. [35] Children with ODD are thought to have an overactive behavioral activation system (BAS), and an underactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS). [ 36 ]
A request that this article title be changed to ADHD is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. Medical condition Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Other names Formerly: Attention deficit disorder (ADD), hyperkinetic disorder (HD) ADHD arises from maldevelopment in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and anterior cingulate ...
Among children diagnosed with ADHD, about 25% to 30% have anxiety disorders, 9% to 32% have depression, 45% to 84% have oppositional defiant disorder, and 44% to 55% of adolescents have conduct disorder. [41] Learning disorders are found in 20% to 40% of children with ADHD. [39]
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Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) or extreme demand avoidance (EDA) is a proposed disorder, and proposed sub-type of autism spectrum disorder, defined by characteristics such as a demand avoidance—which is a greater-than-typical refusal to comply with requests or expectations—and extreme efforts to avoid social demands.
Snack foods, insta-meals, cereals, and drinks tend to come and go, but the ones we remember from childhood seem to stick with us. Children of the 1970s and 1980s had a veritable smorgasbord of ill ...