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While "not to remember" had a significant effect in reducing proactive interference, cued to "not to recall" previously encoded and stored information did not significantly reduce the effect. Therefore, these associated cues do not directly control the potential effect of proactive interference on short-term memory span. [clarification needed] [17]
Whilst associative interference has shown to reduce recall performance, its effects on recognition remain inconsistent. [10]In the previous study, participants were also tested for recognition, by providing a similar test list with interference inducing word pairs and non-interference word pairs. [12]
[40] thus affecting recall of older material. Interference of either form can produce memory errors, in which there is interference with the recall of material. In other words, previously used retrieval cues are no longer associated with prior memories, and thus memory confusion or even an inability to recall the memory can occur.
The recency effect occurs when the short-term memory is used to remember the most recent items, and the primacy effect occurs when the long-term memory has encoded the earlier items. The recency effect can be eliminated if there is a period of interference between the input and the output of information extending longer than the holding time of ...
There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information [121] and proactive interference, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in mind that there are situations when old information can facilitate learning ...
The misinformation effect also appears to stem from memory impairment, meaning that post-event misinformation makes it harder for people to remember the event. [7] The misinformation reflects two of the cardinal sins of memory: suggestibility , the influence of others' expectations on our memory; and misattribution , information attributed to ...
False memory is an important part of psychological research because of the ties it has to a large number of mental disorders, such as PTSD. [56] False memory can be declared a syndrome when recall of a false or inaccurate memory takes great effect on a person's life.
Memory inhibition theories suggest that recall of strawberry decreases when recall of tomato decreases because tomato's attributes are inhibited when red-blood is learned. MacLeod argues that inhibition does not take place, but instead is the result of confusion between similar word-pairs like food-tomato and red-strawberry that can lead to errors.