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Toy problems were invented with the aim to program an AI which can solve it. The blocks world domain is an example for a toy problem. Its major advantage over more realistic AI applications is, that many algorithms and software programs are available which can handle the situation. [2] This allows to compare different theories against each other.
In the problem, three blocks (labeled A, B, and C) rest on a table. The agent must stack the blocks such that A is atop B, which in turn is atop C. However, it may only move one block at a time. The problem starts with B on the table, C atop A, and A on the table:
Depth-first search (DFS) is an algorithm for traversing or searching tree or graph data structures. The algorithm starts at the root node (selecting some arbitrary node as the root node in the case of a graph) and explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking.
By restricting ourselves to reversible actions only, we can construct the solution to the problem from the desired result. From the point [4,4,0], there are only two reversible actions: transferring 3 liters from the 8 liter jug to the empty 3 liter jug [1,4,3], and transferring 3 liters from the 5 liter jug to the empty 3 liter jug [4,1,3].
Cycle i + 5: instruction k + 1 from thread B is issued. Conceptually, it is similar to cooperative multi-tasking used in real-time operating systems, in which tasks voluntarily give up execution time when they need to wait upon some type of event. This type of multithreading is known as block, cooperative or coarse-grained multithreading.
The Tower of Hanoi (also called The problem of Benares Temple [1] or Tower of Brahma or Lucas' Tower [2] and sometimes pluralized as Towers, or simply pyramid puzzle [3]) is a mathematical game or puzzle consisting of three rods and a number of disks of various diameters, which can slide onto any rod.
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IDDFS is optimal, meaning that it finds the shallowest goal. [2] Since it visits all the nodes in the search tree down to depth before visiting any nodes at depth +, the cumulative order in which nodes are first visited is effectively the same as in breadth-first search. However, IDDFS uses much less memory. [1]