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Vaccines are examples of antigens in an immunogenic form, which are intentionally administered to a recipient to induce the memory function of the adaptive immune system towards antigens of the pathogen invading that recipient. The vaccine for seasonal influenza is a common example. [7]
Cancer-testis antigens are antigens expressed primarily in the germ cells of the testes, but also in fetal ovaries and the trophoblast. Some cancer cells aberrantly express these proteins and therefore present these antigens, allowing attack by T-cells specific to these antigens. Example antigens of this type are CTAG1B and MAGEA1. [1]
An example of this is the pox virus vaccinia which encoded a viral growth factor that is very similar to the human growth factor and thought to be stolen from the human genome. [ 18 ] Antigenic gift: Occurs when humans deliberately modify a virus's genome either in a lab setting or in order to make a bioweapon .
Fab: fragment, antigen-binding (one arm) F(ab') 2: fragment, antigen-binding, including hinge region (both arms) Fab': fragment, antigen-binding, including hinge region (one arm) Variable fragments: scFv: single-chain variable fragment; di-scFv: dimeric single-chain variable fragment; sdAb: single-domain antibody; BsAb: bispecific monoclonal ...
Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens.Two major types of alloantigens are blood group antigens [1] and histocompatibility antigens.
Antigen presentation stimulates immature T cells to become either mature "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or mature "helper" CD4+ cells. An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays an antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation.
Example: Forssman antigen, cross reacting microbial antigen so antibodies to these antigens produced by one species cross react with antigens of other species. It is widely present in some plants bacteria animal and birds.
E. coli have 187 possible O antigens (6 later removed from list, 3 actually producing no LPS), [17] 53 H antigens, [18] and at least 72 K antigens. [19] Among these three, the O antigen has the best correlation with lineages; as a result, the O antigen is used to define the "serogroup" and is also used to define strains in taxonomy and ...