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  2. African Americans in France - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_France

    France was viewed by many African Americans as a welcome change from the widespread racism in the United States. It was then that jazz was introduced to the French, and black culture was born in Paris. African-American musicians, artists and writer (many associated with the Harlem Renaissance) found 1920s Paris ready to embrace them with open arms.

  3. Free people of color - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color

    Free Women of Color with their Children and Servants, oil painting by Agostino Brunias, Dominica, c. 1764–1796.. In the context of the history of slavery in the Americas, free people of color (French: gens de couleur libres; Spanish: gente de color libre) were primarily people of mixed African, European, and Native American descent who were not enslaved.

  4. Genetic history of the African diaspora - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the...

    Map of Africa and the African diaspora throughout the world. The genetic history of the African diaspora is composed of the overall genetic history of the African diaspora, within regions outside of Africa, such as North America, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia; this includes the genetic histories of African Americans, Afro-Canadians, Afro-Caribbeans ...

  5. Black French people - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_French_people

    African descendants who are France citizens. The absence of a legal definition of what it means to be "black" in France, the extent of anti-miscegenation laws over several centuries, the great diversity of black populations (African, Caribbean, etc) and the lack of legal recognition of ethnicity in French population censuses make this social entity extremely difficult to define, unlike in ...

  6. African-American history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history

    Most African American units were relegated to support roles and did not see combat. Still, African Americans played a significant role in America's war effort. Four African American regiments were integrated into French units because the French suffered heavy losses and badly needed men after three years of a terrible war.

  7. Frances Cress Welsing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing

    Welsing was born Frances Luella Cress in Chicago on March 18, 1935. Her father, Henry Noah Cress, was a physician, and her mother, Ida Mae Griffin, was a teacher. She was the middle child of three girls, her elder sister named Lorne, and the younger Barbara.

  8. African Americans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans

    Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States. [8] [9] While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African American, the majority of first-generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin.

  9. Passing (racial identity) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)

    But there were other mixed-race people who were born to unions or marriages in colonial Virginia between free white women and African or African-American men, free, indentured, or slave, and became ancestors to many free families of color in the early decades of the United States, as documented by Paul Heinegg in his Free African Americans of ...