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The history of philosophy is the field of inquiry that studies the historical development of philosophical thought. It aims to provide a systematic and chronological exposition of philosophical concepts and doctrines, as well as the philosophers who conceived them and the schools of thought to which they belong.
Philosopher of science, influence on logical positivism. Franz Brentano (1838–1917). Phenomenologist. ... Philosopher of History. Karl Jaspers (1883–1969).
The philosophes (French for 'philosophers') were the intellectuals of the 18th-century European Enlightenment. [1] Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues. They had a ...
Modern philosophy and especially Enlightenment philosophy [60] is distinguished by its increasing independence from traditional authorities such as the Church, academia, and Aristotelianism; [61] [62] a new focus on the foundations of knowledge and metaphysical system-building; [63] [64] and the emergence of modern physics out of natural ...
The history of philosophy is primarily concerned with theories based on rational inquiry and argumentation; some historians understand it in a looser sense that includes myths, religious teachings, and proverbial lore. [40] Influential traditions in the history of philosophy include Western, Arabic–Persian, Indian, and Chinese philosophy.
Philosophy of history is the philosophical study of history and its discipline. [1] The term was coined by the French philosopher Voltaire. [2] In contemporary philosophy a distinction has developed between the speculative philosophy of history and the critical philosophy of history, now referred to as analytic.
Cārvāka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named after its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.
Key ideas that sparked changes in philosophy were the fast progress of science, including evolution, most notably postulated by Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and theories regarding what is today called emergent order, such as the free market of Adam Smith within nation states, or the Marxist approach ...