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Theories of chemical structure were first developed by August Kekulé, Archibald Scott Couper, and Aleksandr Butlerov, among others, from about 1858. [4] These theories were first to state that chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups, but rather had a definite order defined by the valency of the atoms composing the molecule, giving the molecules a three ...
Zhenan Bao (born 1970), Chinese chemist known for developing technologies with organic field-effect transistors and organic semiconductors; Phil S. Baran (born 1977), American chemist known for synthesis, novel reactions and reagents; Coral Barbas, Spanish chemist; Allen J. Bard (born 1933), 2008, American chemist, Wolf Prize in Chemistry
Expressing resonance when drawing Lewis structures may be done either by drawing each of the possible resonance forms and placing double-headed arrows between them or by using dashed lines to represent the partial bonds (although the latter is a good representation of the resonance hybrid which is not, formally speaking, a Lewis structure).
Eric R. Scerri (born August 30, 1953, son of Edward and Ines Scerri) is a chemist, writer and philosopher of science of Maltese origin. [2] [3] [4] He is a lecturer at the University of California, Los Angeles; and the founder and editor-in-chief of Foundations of Chemistry, an international peer reviewed journal covering the history and philosophy of chemistry, and chemical education.
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" [87] Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939) French Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989) American 1988 Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943) West German "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" [88] Robert Huber (b ...
Access to the structure provided answers to central questions in biology, regarding the movement of ions across the cell membrane. In particular, the structure revealed the mechanism with by which these channels move potassium ions both quickly and selectively, reliably preventing similarly sized sodium ions from passing through.
These ideas were well known to physicists and mathematicians, but not to most practical chemists, who regarded them as abstruse and inapplicable to chemical systems. Most chemists relied on the familiar thermodynamics of heat (enthalpy) of Berthelot , Ostwald , and Van ’t Hoff , and the calorimetric school.
The structure was a superposition of structures rather than a rapid interconversion between them. The name " resonance " was later applied to this phenomenon. [ 53 ] In a sense, this phenomenon resembles those of hybridization and also polar bonding, both described above, because all three phenomena involve combining more than one electronic ...