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2. Wall footing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_footing

   Wall Footing . A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a load-bearing wall across an area of soil. [1] It is a component of a shallow foundation. [1] Wall Footing. Wall footings carrying direct vertical loads might be designed either in plain concrete or in reinforced concrete.

3. Retaining wall - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall

   Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted T). These walls cantilever loads (like a beam ) to a large, structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below.

4. Caisson (engineering) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)

   Schematic cross section of a pressurized caisson. In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson 'box', from Italian cassone 'large box', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure [1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ships.

5. Grade beam - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_beam

   A grade beam or grade beam footing is a component of a building's foundation. It consists of a reinforced concrete beam that transmits the load from a bearing wall into spaced foundations such as pile caps or caissons. [1] It is used in conditions where the surface soil's load-bearing capacity is less than the anticipated design loads.

6. Precast concrete - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete

   The precast concrete double-wall panel has been in use in Europe for decades. The original double-wall design consisted of two wythes of reinforced concrete separated by an interior void, held together with embedded steel trusses. With recent concerns about energy use, it is recognized that using steel trusses creates a "thermal bridge" that ...

7. Tieback (geotechnical) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)

   Typically in the form of a horizontal wire or rod, or a helical anchor, a tieback is commonly used along with other retaining systems (e.g. soldier piles, sheet piles, secant and tangent walls) to provide additional stability to cantilevered retaining walls. [1]