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Oral fluency or speaking fluency is a measurement both of production and reception of speech, as a fluent speaker must be able to understand and respond to others in conversation. Spoken language is typically characterized by seemingly non-fluent qualities (e.g., fragmentation, pauses, false starts, hesitation, repetition) because of ‘task ...
Basic research on processing fluency has been applied to marketing, [29] to business names, and to finance. For example, psychologists have determined that, during the week following their IPO, stocks perform better when their names are fluent/easy to pronounce and when their ticker symbols are pronounceable (e.g., KAG) vs. unpronounceable (e.g., KGH).
An intergovernmental symposium in 1991 titled "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning in Europe: Objectives, Evaluation, Certification" held by the Swiss Federal Authorities in the Swiss municipality of Rüschlikon found the need for a common European framework for languages to improve the recognition of language qualifications and help teachers co-operate.
The production of spoken language involves three major levels of processing: conceptualization, formulation, and articulation. [1] [8] [9]The first is the processes of conceptualization or conceptual preparation, in which the intention to create speech links a desired concept to the particular spoken words to be expressed.
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
A verbal fluency test is a kind of psychological test in which a participant is asked to produce as many words as possible from a category in a given time (usually 60 seconds). This category can be semantic , including objects such as animals or fruits, or phonemic , including words beginning with a specified letter, such as p , for example. [ 1 ]
Fluency may be developed by selecting a slow rate of speech, and making use of short phrases and sentences. With success, the speed may be increased until a natural rate of smooth speech is achieved. [9] Additionally, punishment for incorrect speech production should be eliminated, and a permissive speaking environment encouraged.
Fluent is an adjective related to fluency, the ability to communicate in a language quickly and accurately. Fluent or fluency may also refer to: Fluent (mathematics), in mathematics, a continuous function; Fluent (artificial intelligence), in artificial intelligence, a condition that varies over time