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The more immediate reasons for the collapse of the state were World War I, the 1918 crop failure, general starvation and the economic crisis. [citation needed] The Austro-Hungarian Empire had additionally been weakened over time by a widening gap between Hungarian and Austrian interests. [2]
The Habsburg monarchy, [i] also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, [j] was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. From the 18th century it is also referred to as the Austrian monarchy (Latin: Monarchia Austriaca) or the Danubian monarchy. [k] [2]
Austria-Hungary, [c] also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe [d] between 1867 and 1918.
On 11 November 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I of Austria (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary.
During the First World War, rising national sentiments and labour movements contributed to strikes, protests and civil unrest in the Empire. After the war, republican, national parties contributed to the disintegration and collapse of the monarchy in Austria and Hungary. Republics were established in Vienna and Budapest. [44]
Charles asked the approval of the Diet for the Pragmatic Sanction, under which the Habsburg monarch was to rule Hungary not as emperor, but as a king subject to the restraints of Hungary's constitution and laws. He hoped that the Pragmatic Sanction would keep the Habsburg Empire intact if his daughter, Maria Theresa, succeeded him. The Diet ...
The Austrian Empire was the main beneficiary from the Congress of Vienna and it established an alliance with Britain, Prussia, and Russia forming the Quadruple Alliance. [8] The Austrian Empire also gained new territories from the Congress of Vienna, and its influence expanded to the north through the German Confederation and also into Italy. [8]
The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867–1918 (Routledge, 2014). Valiani, Leo. The End of Austria-Hungary (London: Secker & Warburg, 1973). Wawro, Geoffrey. A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire (2015). (in German) Bernhard A. Macek, Kaiser Karl I. Der letzte Kaiser Österreichs.
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