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  2. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable.To estimate the effect of X on Y, the statistician must suppress the effects of extraneous variables that influence both X and Y.

  3. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  4. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    In causal models, controlling for a variable means binning data according to measured values of the variable. This is typically done so that the variable can no longer act as a confounder in, for example, an observational study or experiment.

  5. Propensity score matching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propensity_score_matching

    Choose appropriate confounders (variables hypothesized to be associated with both treatment and outcome) Obtain an estimation for the propensity score: predicted probability p or the log odds, log[p/(1 − p)]. 2. Match each participant to one or more nonparticipants on propensity score, using one of these methods: Nearest neighbor matching

  6. Combining flavonoid with vitamin B6 may help preserve ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/combining-flavonoid-vitamin-b6-may...

    “So it is conceivable that [the research] would translate barring obvious environmental confounders (e.g., alcohol consumption, poor diet, etc.),” Becker said. The future of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone

  7. Dependent and independent variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent...

    In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input (in the simplest case, a number or set of numbers) [5] and providing an output (which may also be a number). [5] A symbol that stands for an arbitrary input is called an independent variable, while a symbol that stands for an arbitrary output is called a dependent variable. [6]

  8. Control variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_variable

    A variable in an experiment which is held constant in order to assess the relationship between multiple variables [a], is a control variable. [2] [3] A control variable is an element that is not changed throughout an experiment because its unchanging state allows better understanding of the relationship between the other variables being tested.

  9. Social Security Fairness Act could restore benefits, but ...

    www.aol.com/social-security-fairness-act-could...

    The GPO mainly affects women, with 83% of those impacted by GPO being female, according data from the Congressional Research Service. "When you see the numbers of the GPO elevated, it's because ...