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Living order of Lycophytes and ferns are taken from Christenhusz et al. 2011b [2] and Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group. [3] Living orders of Gymnosperms are added from Christenhusz et al. 2011a [4] while extinct orders are from Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007. [5]
Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of its lifetime and how it can lead to the creation of a new star. Depending on the mass of the star, its lifetime can range from a few million years for the most massive to trillions of years for the least massive, which is considerably longer than the current age of the ...
In a vascular plant, the stele is the central part of the root or stem [1] containing the tissues derived from the procambium. These include vascular tissue, in some cases ground tissue and a pericycle, which, if present, defines the outermost boundary of the stele.
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces by means of spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds , they are sometimes referred to as " cryptogams ", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden.
The evolution of the MADS-box family has been extensively studied. These genes are present even in pteridophytes, but the spread and diversity is many times higher in angiosperms. [63] There appears to be quite a bit of pattern into how this family has evolved. Consider the evolution of the C-region gene AGAMOUS (AG).
The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) recognized 13 genera. [5] Shortly afterwards, the genus Gastoniella was created for three species formerly placed in Anogramma which a molecular phylogenetic analysis had shown to be distinct.
The Cyatheaceae are a family of ferns, the scaly tree ferns, one of eight families in the order Cyatheales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). [1] Alternatively, the family may defined much more broadly (Cyatheaceae sensu lato ) as the only family in the Cyatheales, with the PPG I family treated as the subfamily ...
In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), these are accepted as separate genera, Alsophila, Cyathea and Sphaeropteris. [3] Cnemidaria Presl, 1836 is a junior synonym or redundant subset. [4] [5]