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The Manning formula or Manning's equation is an ... case of a full pipe. It is a function of the shape of the pipe, channel, or river in which the water is flowing ...
The Chézy formula describes mean flow velocity in turbulent open channel flow and is used broadly in fields related to fluid mechanics and fluid dynamics. Open channels refer to any open conduit, such as rivers, ditches, canals, or partially full pipes. The Chézy formula is defined for uniform equilibrium and non-uniform, gradually varied flows.
The Chézy equation is a pioneering formula in the field of fluid mechanics, and was expanded and modified by Irish engineer Robert Manning in 1889 [1] as the Manning formula. The Chézy formula concerns the velocity of water flowing through conduits and is widely celebrated for its use in open channel flow calculations. [ 2 ]
The variations of Q/Q (full) and V/V (full) with H/D ratio is shown in figure(b).From the equation 5, maximum value of Q/Q (full) is found to be equal to 1.08 at H/D =0.94 which implies that maximum rate of discharge through a conduit is observed for a conduit partly full.
The momentum equation for open-channel flow may be found by starting from the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations : ⏟ + ⏟ ⏞ = ⏟ + ⏟ ⏟ + ⏟ where is the pressure, is the kinematic viscosity, is the Laplace operator, and = is the gravitational potential.
The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship that relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [ 1 ] such as fire sprinkler systems , [ 2 ] water supply networks , and irrigation systems.
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In civil engineering practice, the Manning formula is more widely used than Stricker’s dimensionally homogeneous form of the equation. However, Strickler’s observations on the influence of surface roughness and the concept of relative roughness are common features of a variety of formulas used to estimate hydraulic roughness.