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Statistics is a field of inquiry that studies the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines , from the physical and social sciences to the humanities ; it is also used and misused for making informed decisions in all areas of business and government .
The Nuova Cronica, a 14th-century history of Florence by the Florentine banker and official Giovanni Villani, includes much statistical information on population, ordinances, commerce and trade, education, and religious facilities and has been described as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history, [3] though neither ...
He wrote a book entitled Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages, containing detailed discussions on statistics and cryptanalysis. [2] [3] [4] Al-Kindi also made the earliest known use of statistical inference. [1] 13th century – An important contribution of Ibn Adlan was on sample size for use of frequency analysis. [1]
Outline of statistics; Outline of regression analysis; Index of statistics articles; List of scientific method topics; List of analyses of categorical data; List of fields of application of statistics; List of graphical methods; List of statistical software. Comparison of statistical packages; List of graphing software; Comparison of Gaussian ...
These lists include items which are somehow related to statistics however are not included in this index: List of statisticians; List of important publications in statistics; List of scientific journals in statistics; Topic lists. Outline of statistics; List of probability topics; Glossary of probability and statistics; Glossary of experimental ...
A statistic (singular) or sample statistic is any quantity computed from values in a sample which is considered for a statistical purpose. Statistical purposes include estimating a population parameter, describing a sample, or evaluating a hypothesis. The average (or mean) of sample values is a statistic. The term statistic is used both for the ...
Statistics itself also provides tools for prediction and forecasting through statistical models. To use a sample as a guide to an entire population, it is important that it truly represents the overall population. Representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. A ...
Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn.