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Between three and six months, basic motor functioning and attentional mechanisms begin to play a role in emotion regulation, allowing infants to more effectively approach or avoid emotionally relevant situations. [66] Infants may also engage in self-distraction and help-seeking behaviors for regulatory purposes. [67]
Caregivers use strategies such as distraction and sensory input (e.g., rocking, stroking) to regulate infants’ emotions. Despite a reliance on caregivers to change the intensity, duration, and frequency of emotions, infants are capable of engaging in self-regulation strategies as young as 4 months.
One study found a connection between emotional dysregulation at 5 and 10 months, and parent-reported problems with anger and distress at 18 months. [16] [17] Low levels of emotional regulation behaviors at 5 months were also related to non-compliant behaviors at 30 months. [18]
In addition, children who have increased levels of cortisol, during daycare or nursery school time, experience extreme hardship upholding attention. [25] Maintaining attention is a part of self-regulation, and these children are not able to regulate their behaviors due to the high cortisol levels. [25]
The Interpersonal World of the Infant (1985) is one of the most prominent works of psychoanalyst Daniel N. Stern, in which he describes the development of four interrelated senses of self. [1] These senses of self develop over the lifespan, but make significant developmental strides during sensitive periods in the first two years of life.
Insecure attachment patterns can compromise exploration and the achievement of self-confidence. A securely attached baby is free to concentrate on their environment. The attachment behavioural system serves to achieve or maintain proximity to the attachment figure. [5] Pre-attachment behaviours occur in the first six months of life.
A study of 18-month-olds whose mothers had depressive symptoms while the children were 6 weeks and/or 6 months old found that maternal depression had no effect on the child's cognitive development. Furthermore, the study indicates that maternal depression combined with a poor home environment is more likely to have an effect on cognitive ...
Discomfort from separations in children from ages 8 to 14 months is normal. Children oftentimes get nervous or afraid of unfamiliar people and places but if the behavior still occurs after the age of six and if it lasts longer than four weeks, the child might have separation anxiety disorder. [57] About 4% of children have the disorder.