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A tughra ( Ottoman Turkish: طغرا, romanized : ṭuġrā; Turkish: tuğra) is a calligraphic monogram, seal or signature of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence. Inspired by the tamgha, it was also carved on his seal and stamped on the coins minted during his reign.
17 November 1405 – ? Sharif ul-Hashim [2] (began reign 17 November 1405) was the regal name of Sharif Abubakar Abirin Al-Hashmi. [1] He was an Arab [2] - Muslim explorer and the founder of the Sultanate of Sulu. He assumed the political and spiritual leadership of the realm, and was given the title Sultan, and was also the first Sultan of Sulu.
203 cm × 358 cm (80 in × 141 in) Location. State Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg. Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks is a painting by Ilya Repin. [1] It is also known as Cossacks of Saporog Are Drafting a Manifesto and Cossacks are Writing a Letter to the Turkish Sultan [a] . Repin began painting the canvas in 1880 and finished in 1891.
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Ancient history. Classical period. Islamic rule. Modern era. v. t. e. Strategically situated between three continents, Palestine has a tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region was among the earliest to see human habitation, agricultural communities and civilization.
ISBN. 978-0-312-53835-4. OCLC. 317928634. A God Who Hates: The Courageous Woman Who Inflamed the Muslim World Speaks Out Against the Evils of Islam is a book written by Wafa Sultan ( Arabic: وفاء سلطان; born June 14, 1958, Baniyas, Syria) a medical doctor who trained as a psychiatrist in Syria, and later emigrated to the United States ...
Sunni Islam. Tughra. Abdülmecid I ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول, romanized : ʿAbdü'l-Mecîd-i evvel, Turkish: I. Abdülmecid; 25 April 1823 – 25 June 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839. [4] His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the ...
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