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  2. Antithesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithesis

    Antithesis can be defined as "a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. Parallelism of expression serves to emphasize opposition of ideas". [3] An antithesis must always contain two ideas within one statement. The ideas may not be structurally opposite ...

  3. Cogito, ergo sum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum

    The Latin cogito, ergo sum, usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am", [a] is the "first principle" of René Descartes's philosophy. He originally published it in French as je pense, donc je suis in his 1637 Discourse on the Method, so as to reach a wider audience than Latin would have allowed. [1]

  4. Modus ponens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_ponens

    In propositional logic, modus ponens (/ ˈmoʊdəsˈpoʊnɛnz /; MP), also known as modus ponendo ponens (from Latin 'method of putting by placing'), [ 1 ]implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent, [ 2 ] is a deductive argument form and rule of inference. [ 3 ] It can be summarized as " P implies Q.P is true.

  5. Informal fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy

    Informal fallacies are a form of incorrect argument in natural language. [ 4 ] An argument is a series of propositions, called the premises, together with one more proposition, called the conclusion. [ 5 ][ 1 ] The premises in correct arguments offer either deductive or defeasible support for the conclusion.

  6. Proof by contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction

    In logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Although it is quite freely used in mathematical proofs, not every school of mathematical thought accepts this kind of nonconstructive proof as universally ...

  7. Straw man - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man

    A straw man fallacy (sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing or acknowledging the distinction. [ 1 ] One who engages in this fallacy is said to be "attacking a straw man". The typical straw man argument creates the illusion of having ...

  8. Resolution (logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(logic)

    Resolution (logic) In mathematical logic and automated theorem proving, resolution is a rule of inference leading to a refutation-complete theorem-proving technique for sentences in propositional logic and first-order logic. For propositional logic, systematically applying the resolution rule acts as a decision procedure for formula ...

  9. Sentence diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_diagram

    Sentence diagram. A sentence diagram is a pictorial representation of the grammatical structure of a sentence. The term "sentence diagram" is used more when teaching written language, where sentences are diagrammed. The model shows the relations between words and the nature of sentence structure and can be used as a tool to help recognize which ...

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