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Islam and modernity is a topic of discussion in contemporary sociology of religion. The history of Islam chronicles different interpretations and approaches. Modernity is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon rather than a unified and coherent one. It has historically had different schools of thought moving in many directions.
Divine, abstract sharia: In this sense, sharia is a rather abstract concept which leaves ample room for various concrete interpretations by humans. Classical sharia: This is the body of Islamic rules, principles and cases compiled by religious scholars during the first two centuries after Muhammad, including Ijtihād.
Modern era (18th–20th centuries) Abdülmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman dynasty . Earlier in the 14th century, Ibn Taymiyya promoted a puritanical form of Islam, [ 225 ] rejecting philosophical approaches in favor of simpler theology, [ 225 ] and called to open the gates of itjihad rather than blind imitation of scholars ...
Islamic studies refers to the academic study of Islam, [ 1 ] which is analogous to related fields such as Jewish studies and Quranic studies. [ 2 ][ 3 ] Islamic studies seeks to understand the past and the potential future of the Islamic world. [ 4 ] In this multidisciplinary program, scholars from diverse areas (history, culture, literature ...
The Quran, [ c ] also romanized Qur'an or Koran, [ d ] is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allāh). It is organized in 114 chapters (surah, pl. suwer) which consist of individual verses (āyah). Besides its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic ...
On the Indian subcontinent, Islam first appeared in the southwestern tip of the peninsula, in today's Kerala state. Arabs traded with Malabar even before the birth of Muhammad. Native legends say that a group of Sahaba, under Malik Ibn Deenar, arrived on the Malabar Coast and preached Islam.
Shia Islam (/ ˈʃiːə /) is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib (656–661 CE) as his successor (Arabic: خليفة, romanized:khalifa) and the Imam (Arabic: امام, lit. 'spiritual and political leader') after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm, but was ...
Of the total Muslim population, 87–90% are Sunni and 10–13% are Shi'a. Most Shi'as (between 68% and 80%) live in mainly four countries: Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, and Iraq. [30] Furthermore, there are concentrated Shi'a populations in Lebanon, Russia, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and 10 sub-Saharan African countries. [31]