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For example, the marking Atomal, is applied to U.S. Restricted Data or Formerly Restricted Data and United Kingdom Atomic information that has been released to NATO. Atomal information is marked COSMIC Top Secret Atomal (CTSA), NATO Secret Atomal (NSAT), or NATO Confidential Atomal (NCA). BALK and BOHEMIA are also used.
The lower-level L clearance is sufficient for access to Secret Formerly Restricted Data and National Security Information, as well as Confidential Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data. [58] In practice, access to Restricted Data is granted, on a need-to-know basis, to personnel with appropriate clearances.
For example, under the US Economic Espionage Act of 1996, it is a federal crime in the United States to misappropriate trade secrets with the knowledge that it will benefit a foreign power, or will injure the owner of the trade secret. [19] More commonly, breach of commercial confidentiality falls under civil law, such as in the United Kingdom ...
Luxembourg Leaks: A leak based on confidential information about Luxembourg’s tax rulings set up by PricewaterhouseCoopers from 2002 to 2010 to the benefits of its clients. This investigation resulted in making available to the public tax rulings for over three hundred multinational companies based in Luxembourg.
Anyone with access to classified data requires a clearance at or higher than the level at which the data is classified. For this reason, security clearances are required for a wide range of jobs, from senior management to janitorial. According to a 2013 Washington Post article, over 3.6 million Americans had top-secret clearances; almost one ...
For example, if your name and email address are stolen, the impact may just be some spam sent to your inbox. On the other hand, if highly sensitive data is exposed in a breach, the risk of fraud ...
Alamy In today's highly networked, information-dependent age, corporations know a lot about you -- and are working to learn more every day. Only 21 percent of Americans say they have "a lot of ...
Special access programs (SAPs) in the U.S. Federal Government are security protocols that provide highly classified information with safeguards and access restrictions that exceed those for regular (collateral) classified information.