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The McMurray test, also known as the McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee. [1] A tear in the meniscus may cause a pedunculated tag of the meniscus which may become jammed between the joint surfaces. To perform the test, the knee is held by one hand, which is placed along the joint ...
A bucket-handle tear of the knee is a specific type of meniscal injury characterized by a longitudinal tear of the medial or lateral meniscus, where a displaced inner fragment resembles the appearance of a "bucket handle". [1]
The examiner then places his or her own knee across the posterior aspect of the patient's thigh. The tibia is then compressed onto the knee joint while being externally rotated. If this maneuver produces pain, this constitutes a "positive Apley test" and damage to the meniscus is likely.
Damage to the meniscus due to rotational forces directed to a flexed knee (as may occur with twisting sports) is the usual underlying mechanism of injury. A valgus force applied to a flexed knee with the foot planted and the femur rotated internally can result in a medial meniscus tear.
Symptoms include pain, an audible cracking sound during injury, instability of the knee, and joint swelling. [1] Swelling generally appears within a couple of hours. [2] In approximately 50% of cases, other structures of the knee such as surrounding ligaments, cartilage, or meniscus are damaged. [1]
Young athletic dogs can be seen with this rupture if they take a bad step while playing too rough and injure their knee. Older dogs, especially if overweight, can have weakened ligaments that can be stretched or torn by simply stepping down off the bed or jumping. [7] Large overweight dogs are at more risk for ruptures of the cruciate ligament.
In a complete rupture, the ability to extend that knee is decreased. [1] A pop may be felt when it occurs. [2] Injury to the patellar tendon generally requires a significant force such as falling directly on the knee or jumping from a height. [1] Risk factors include patellar tendinitis, kidney failure, diabetes, and steroid or fluoroquinolone use.
The pivot-shift test [1] is one of the three major tests for assessing anterior cruciate injury or laxity, the other two being the anterior drawer and Lachman test. However, unlike the other two, it tests for instability, an important determinant as to how the knee will function. [ 1 ]
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