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[17] [18] [19] UVB radiation does not penetrate glass, so exposure to sunshine indoors through a window does not produce vitamin D. [20] Time of day, time of year, geographic latitude, ground altitude, cloud cover, smog, skin melanin content, and sunscreen are among the factors that greatly affect UV intensity and vitamin D synthesis, [19 ...
(Note the huge absorption that has already taken place in the atmosphere at short wavelengths.) The erythemal weighting factors applied to these figures are 1.0, 0.22, and 0.003 respectively. (Also note the huge increase in sunburn damage caused by the shorter wavelengths; e.g., for the same irradiance, 305 nm is 22% as damaging as 295 nm, and ...
But you don’t have to give up sunscreen to get the key nutrient. “There are bodies of evidence showing sunscreen does not lead to lower vitamin D levels,” says Miller. “People in general ...
In addition to the growing concerns about human health risks from pharmaceutical drugs via environmental exposures, many researchers have speculated about the potential for inducing antibiotic resistance. One study found 10 different antibiotics in sewage treatment effluents, surface water, and sediments. [33]
Scientists at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have shown that active chemicals in sunscreens can readily soak into the bloodstream, confirming the need for more testing on whether these ...
Water-resistant sunscreens were introduced in 1977, [20] and recent development efforts have focused on overcoming later concerns by making sunscreen protection both longer-lasting and broader-spectrum (protection from both UVA & UVB rays), more environmentally friendly, [31] more appealing to use [24] and addressing the safety concerns of ...
Recently we were asked whether wearing sunscreen prevents you from getting a tan, and we weren’t entirely sure, so we put the call out to a panel of dermatologists for some answers. Ahead, a ...
Common sources of bioaerosols include soil, water, and sewage. Bioaerosols are typically introduced into the air via wind turbulence over a surface. Once in the atmosphere, they can be transported locally or globally: common wind patterns/strengths are responsible for local dispersal, while tropical storms and dust plumes can move bioaerosols ...