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In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind. For example, 3 × 5 is an integer factorization of 15, and (x – 2)(x + 2) is a polynomial ...
For example, if n = 171 × p × q where p < q are very large primes, trial division will quickly produce the factors 3 and 19 but will take p divisions to find the next factor. As a contrasting example, if n is the product of the primes 13729, 1372933, and 18848997161, where 13729 × 1372933 = 18848997157, Fermat's factorization method will ...
All possible combinations of integer factors can be tested for validity, and each valid one can be factored out using polynomial long division. If the original polynomial is the product of factors at least two of which are of degree 2 or higher, this technique only provides a partial factorization; otherwise the factorization is complete.
For example, 999 = 3 3 ×37, 1000 = 2 3 ×5 3, 1001 = 7×11×13. Factors p 0 = 1 may be inserted without changing the value of n (for example, 1000 = 2 3 ×3 0 ×5 3). In fact, any positive integer can be uniquely represented as an infinite product taken over all the positive prime numbers, as
The known values assigned to the unlike part of two or more terms are called coefficients. As this example shows, when like terms exist in an expression, they may be combined by adding or subtracting (whatever the expression indicates) the coefficients, and maintaining the common factor of both terms.
The question of when this happens is rather subtle: for example, for the localization of k[x, y, z]/(x 2 + y 3 + z 5) at the prime ideal (x, y, z), both the local ring and its completion are UFDs, but in the apparently similar example of the localization of k[x, y, z]/(x 2 + y 3 + z 7) at the prime ideal (x, y, z) the local ring is a UFD but ...
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