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The Ottawa knee rules are a set of rules used to help physicians determine whether an x-ray of the knee is needed. [1] They state that an X-ray is required only in patients who have an acute knee injury with one or more of the following: Age 55 years or older; Tenderness at head of fibula; Isolated tenderness of patella
International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) system [10] Grade Findings A No joint space narrowing, defined in this system as at least 4 mm joint space B At least 4 mm joint space, but small osteophytes, slight sclerosis, or femoral condyle flattening C 2–4 mm joint space D < 2 mm joint space
The most common knee problems are: soft tissue inflammation, injury, or osteoarthritis. The mechanism of the knee injury can give a clue of the possible structures that can be injured. For example, applying valgus stress on the knee can cause medial collateral ligament rupture, meanwhile a varus force can cause lateral collateral ligament rupture
However, from a practical point of view, false positives that lead to negative X-ray tests were the very thing that the knee rules are trying to address. Nonetheless, the Pittsburgh knee rules offer fewer false positives than do the Ottawa knee rules , though the Ottawa knee rules are more commonly used. [ 2 ]
A skeletal survey (also called a bone survey [1]) is a series of X-rays of all the bones in the body, or at least the axial skeleton and the large cortical bones. A very common use is the diagnosis of multiple myeloma, where tumour deposits appear as "punched-out" lesions.
Fairbank's changes describe the radiological changes observed on an AP radiograph of the knee after meniscectomy. [ 1 ] Fairbank identified significant changes including squaring of the femoral condyles , peak eminences, ridging, and joint space narrowing.
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A Settegast is a standard medical x-ray projection that presents a tangential view of the patella. To acquire such an image the patient is placed in a prone position with the knee flexed at least 90 degrees and the field of view centered on the patellofemoral joint space.