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Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Computed tomography (CT scanning) is a more sensitive test for pulmonary contusion, [6] [33] and it can identify abdominal, chest, or other injuries that accompany the contusion. [38] In one study, chest X-ray detected pulmonary contusions in 16.3% of people with serious blunt trauma, while CT detected them in 31.2% of the same people. [45]
Systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg +20 Temperature <35 °C or ≥40 °C +15 Lab and Radiographic Findings Arterial pH <7.35 +30 Blood urea nitrogen ≥30 mg/dl (9 mmol/liter) +20 Sodium <130 mmol/liter +20 Glucose ≥250 mg/dl (14 mmol/liter) +10 Hematocrit <30% +10 Partial pressure of arterial O2 <60mmHg +10 Pleural effusion +10
However, the PSI is more complicated and requires arterial blood gas sampling amongst other tests; given this, the CURB-65 score is more easily used in primary care settings. [7] A variant of the CURB-65 that omits the urea measurement (CRB-65) [ 7 ] is even simpler, as it relies only on history and examination findings rather than blood tests.
Flail chest is usually accompanied by a pulmonary contusion, a bruise of the lung tissue that can interfere with blood oxygenation. [5] Often, it is the contusion, not the flail segment, that is the main cause of respiratory problems in people with both injuries. [6] Surgery to fix the fractures appears to result in better outcomes. [7]
This typically results in chest pain that is worse with inspiration. [1] Bruising may occur at the site of the break. [3] When several ribs are broken in several places a flail chest results. [4] Potential complications include a pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, and pneumonia. [2] [1]
Factors that can increase the D LCO include polycythaemia, asthma (can also have normal D LCO) and increased pulmonary blood volume as occurs in exercise.Other factors are left to right intracardiac shunting, mild left heart failure (increased blood volume) and alveolar hemorrhage (increased blood available for which CO does not have to cross a barrier to enter).
A pulmonary contusion is another cause of bleeding within the lung tissue, but these result from microhemorrhages, multiple small bleeds, and the bleeding is not a discrete mass but rather occurs within the lung tissue. An indication of more severe damage to the lung than pulmonary contusion, a hematoma also takes longer to clear. [3]