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APG is an anisotropic material with extremely high in-plane thermal conductivity (1,700 W/m-K at room temperature [2]) and low through-thickness conductivity. Its laminate structure remains stable across a wide temperature range allowing it to be used in a variety of heat transfer applications. APG's conductivity generally increases as the ...
In an oxidative atmosphere, graphite is effective at high temperatures up to 450 °C continuously and can withstand much higher temperature peaks. Graphite is characterized by two main groups: natural and synthetic. Synthetic graphite is a high temperature sintered product and is characterized by its high purity of carbon (99.5−99.9% ...
The European Commission funded a research project, C 3 HARME, under the NMP-19-2015 call of Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development in 2016-2020 for the design, manufacturing and testing of a new class of ultra-refractory ceramic matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide fibers and Carbon fibers suitable for applications in severe aerospace environments.
Graphite's high thermal stability and electrical and thermal conductivity facilitate its widespread use as electrodes and refractories in high temperature material processing applications. However, in oxygen-containing atmospheres graphite readily oxidizes to form carbon dioxide at temperatures of 700 °C and above. [31]
Graphitization generally occurs at high temperatures (up to 3,000 °C (5,430 °F)), and can be accelerated by catalysts such as iron or nickel. [ 2 ] When carbonaceous material is exposed to high temperatures for an extended period of time, the carbon atoms begin to rearrange and form layered crystal planes.
Contrary to popular belief, high-purity graphite does not readily burn, even at elevated temperatures. [8] For this reason, it is used in nuclear reactors and for high-temperature crucibles for melting metals. [9] At very high temperatures and pressures (roughly 2000 °C and 5 GPa), it can be transformed into diamond. [citation needed]
Pyrolytic graphite is also more diamagnetic (χ = −4×10 −4) against the cleavage plane, exhibiting the greatest diamagnetism (by weight) of any room-temperature diamagnet. In comparison [ dubious – discuss ] , pyrolytic graphite has a relative permeability of 0.9996, whereas bismuth has a relative permeability of 0.9998 ( table ).
This produces improved alignment of the graphite crystallites and an interplanar spacing close to that observed in natural graphite. The "stress recrystallization" of graphite was first described by L. C. F. Blackman and Alfred Ubbelohde in 1962. [2] The diameters of the individual crystallites in HOPG are typically in the range 1–10 μm. [3]
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