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Idealised vertebrate body plan, showing key characteristics. Vertebrates (and other chordates) belong to the Bilateria, a group of animals with mirror symmetrical bodies. [6] They move, typically by swimming, using muscles along the back, supported by a strong but flexible skeletal structure, the spine or vertebral column. [7]
In other animals, the vertebrae take the same regional names except for the coccygeal – in animals with tails, the separate vertebrae are usually called the caudal vertebrae. [19] Because of the different types of locomotion and support needed between the aquatic and other vertebrates, the vertebrae between them show the most variation ...
The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. In a human spinal column, there are normally 33 vertebrae. [3] The upper 24 pre-sacral vertebrae are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs, and the lower nine are fused in adults, five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx, or tailbone.
It looked much like a stocky version of the great white shark, but was much larger with fossil lengths reaching 20.3 metres (67 ft). [10] Found in all oceans [11] it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history, [10] and probably had a profound impact on marine life. [12]
All vertebrate forelimbs are homologous, meaning that they all evolved from the same structures. For example, the flipper of a turtle or of a dolphin , the arm of a human, the foreleg of a horse, and the wings of both bats and birds are ultimately homologous, despite the large differences between them.
The appearance of the early vertebrate jaw has been described as "a crucial innovation" [25] and "perhaps the most profound and radical evolutionary step in the vertebrate history". [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Fish without jaws had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws, and most jawless fish became extinct during the Triassic period.
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