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A typical installation of insulated glass windows with uPVC frames. Possibly the earliest use of double glazing was in Siberia, where it was observed by Henry Seebohm in 1877 as an established necessity in the Yeniseysk area where the bitterly cold winter temperatures regularly fall below -50° C, indicating how the concept may have started: [2]
Crazing is a spider web pattern of cracks penetrating the glaze. It is caused by tensile stresses greater than the glaze is able to withstand. [1] [2] Common reasons for such stresses are: a mismatch between the thermal expansions of glaze and body; from moisture expansion of the body; and in the case of glazed tiles fixed to a wall, movement of the wall or of the bonding material used to fix ...
The double-skin façade is a system of building consisting of two skins, or façades, placed in such a way that air flows in the intermediate cavity. The ventilation of the cavity can be natural, fan supported or mechanical.
The ideal gap size varies by location, but on average it ranges from 15-18 mm thick, giving a final assembly size of 23-26 mm assuming a typical glazing thickness of 4 mm. [9] A double-paned window with air in the gap has an R-value of 2.1, which is much better than the 0.9 that a single pane of glass yields. A triple-paned window, which is not ...
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Quadruple glazing is a subset of multipane (multilayer) glazing systems. Multipane glazing with up to six panes is commercially available. [1] Multipane glazing improves thermal comfort (by reducing downdraft convection currents adjacent to the windowpane), and it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
A glazier is a tradesperson responsible for cutting, installing, and removing glass (and materials used as substitutes for glass, such as some plastics). [1] They also refer to blueprints to figure out the size, shape, and location of the glass in the building.
R-value is the temperature difference per unit of heat flux needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the warmer surface and colder surface of a barrier under steady-state conditions. The measure is therefore equally relevant for lowering energy bills for heating in the winter, for cooling in the summer, and for general comfort.