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The tonalli, which was commonly attributed with the disease of "soul loss", was located in the upper part of the head. [2] They believed that this life force was connected to a higher power, and the Aztec people had to make sure their tonalli was not lost or did not stray from the head. The teyolia was located in the heart.
If the disease was indigenous, it was perhaps exacerbated by the worst droughts to affect that region in 500 years and living conditions for Indigenous peoples of Mexico in the wake of the Spanish conquest (c. 1519). [3] Some historians have suggested cocoliztli was typhus, measles, or smallpox, though the symptoms do not match. [30]
Aztec smallpox victims. The history of smallpox in Mexico spans approximately 430 years from the arrival of the Spanish to the official eradication in 1951. It was brought to what is now Mexico by the Spanish, then spread to the center of Mexico, where it became a significant factor in the fall of Tenochtitlan. During the colonial period, there ...
In some cases, disease was seen as a punishment for disregarding tribal traditions or disobeying tribal rituals. [35] Spiritual powers were called on to cure diseases through the practice of shamanism. [36] Most Native American tribes also used a wide variety of medicinal plants and other substances in the treatment of disease. [37]
In 1521, Hernán Cortés, along with an allied army of other Native Americans, conquered the Aztecs through siege warfare, psychological warfare, direct combat, and the spread of disease. From 1375 until 1428, the Mexica were a tributary of Azcapotzalco .
In Aztec mythology, Chalchiuhtotolin (/ tʃ ɑː l tʃ iː u t oʊ ˈ t oʊ l i n /; Nahuatl for "Jade Turkey") was a god of disease and plague. Chalchihuihtotolin, the Jewelled Fowl, Tezcatlipoca's nahual. Chalchihuihtotolin is a symbol of powerful sorcery.
The 1520s smallpox epidemic spread from Mesoamerica into adjacent maize-growing regions in North America.A population decline in the Columbia Basin, evidenced archaeologically by a sharp regional decline in artifacts and structures in the early 1500s, has been tentatively linked to a spread of this outbreak, but greatly predates any written record in the region.
According to David Thompson's account, the first to hear of the disease were fur traders from the Hudson's House on October 15, 1781. [75] A week later, reports were made to William Walker and William Tomison, who were in charge of the Hudson and Cumberland Hudson's Bay Company posts. By February, the disease spread as far as the Basquia Tribe.