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Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.
Search goods are more subject to substitution and price competition, as consumers can easily verify the price of the product and alternatives at other outlets and make sure that the products are comparable. Branding and detailed product specifications act to transform a product from an experience good into a search good.
In microeconomics, substitute goods are two goods that can be used for the same purpose by consumers. [1] That is, a consumer perceives both goods as similar or comparable, so that having more of one good causes the consumer to desire less of the other good.
Product innovation is the creation and subsequent introduction of a good or service that is either new, or an improved version of previous goods or services. This is broader than the normally accepted definition of innovation that includes the invention of new products which, in this context, are still considered innovative.
Demo, an event in which samples of a product are distributed; Externality; Loss leader, for an item that is sold below cost in an effort to stimulate other profitable sales; Opportunity cost; Product bundling, offering several products for sale as one combined product; Product churning, selling more product than is beneficial to the consumer
The shift in consumer demand for an inferior good can be explained by two natural economic phenomena: The substitution effect and the income effect. These effects describe and validate the movement of the demand curve in (independent) response to increasing income and relative cost of other goods. [9]
In microeconomics and consumer theory, a Giffen good is a product that people consume more of as the price rises and vice versa, violating the law of demand. For ordinary goods , as the price of the good rises, the substitution effect makes consumers purchase less of it, and more of substitute goods ; the income effect can either reinforce or ...
A free sample or "freebie" or "trial packs" is a portion of food or other product (for example beauty products) given to consumers in shopping malls, supermarkets, retail stores, or through other channels (such as via the Internet). [2] Sometimes samples of non-perishable items are included in direct marketing mailings.