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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
A pie chart comparing the seismic moment release of the three largest earthquakes for the hundred-year period from 1906 to 2005 with that for all earthquakes of magnitudes <6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, and >8 for the same period. The 2011 Japan quake would be roughly similar to Sumatra. Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater from 1900 to 2018.
These factors can be estimated for an existing fault to determine the magnitude of past earthquakes, or what might be anticipated for the future. [49] An earthquake's seismic moment can be estimated in various ways, which are the bases of the M wb, M wr, M wc, M ww, M wp, M i, and M wpd scales, all subtypes of the generic M w scale.
Thus, a magnitude zero microearthquake has a seismic moment of approximately 1.1 × 10 9 N⋅m, while the Great Chilean earthquake of 1960, with an estimated moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6, had a seismic moment between 1.4 × 10 23 N⋅m and 2.8 × 10 23 N⋅m.
Megathrust earthquakes occur at convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another. The earthquakes are caused by slip along the thrust fault that forms the contact between the two plates. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes (M w) that can exceed 9.0.
0.10% 0.02% 17 Palau: 1.25% — — — — 18 North Macedonia: 1.26% 5.87% 6.28% 6.10% 6.80% 19 Cape Verde: 1.27% 10.39% 10.80% 10.88% 9.47% 20 Turkmenistan: 1.29% 6.44% 6.57% 6.64% 7.18% 21 Finland: 1.30% 2.21% 2.28% 2.24% 2.06% 21 Moldova: 1.30% 4.79% 5.05% 5.23% 4.78% 22 Lesotho: 1.32% 6.84% 7.09% 7.22% 7.86% 22 Togo: 1.32% 10.36% 10.34% 10 ...
The characteristic earthquake model postulates that earthquakes are generally constrained within these segments. [9] As the lengths and other properties [10] of the segments are fixed, earthquakes that rupture the entire fault should have similar characteristics. These include the maximum magnitude (which is limited by the length of the rupture ...
This category has the following 10 subcategories, out of 10 total. 0–9. 1600s earthquakes (4 P) 1610s earthquakes (3 P) 1620s earthquakes (10 P) 1630s earthquakes ...