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  2. Topaz - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz

    Topaz is a silicate mineral made of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula Al 2 Si O 4 (F, OH) 2.It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow-orange. [7]

  3. Mohs scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale

    Each of the ten hardness values in the Mohs scale is represented by a reference mineral, most of which are widespread in rocks. The Mohs scale is an ordinal scale . For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum.

  4. List of gemstones by species - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species

    This is a list of gemstones, organized by species and types. Minerals ... Topaz; Tourmaline subgroup: Achroite (var.) Chrome (var.) Dravite; Elbaite; Fluor-liddicoatite;

  5. Chalmers Topaz - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers_Topaz

    The topaz in the Field Museum (2009) The Chalmer's Topaz is a topaz gem weighing 5,899.5- carats located in Chicago, Illinois ' Grainger Hall of Gems, in the Field Museum of Natural History . It was named for former Field Museum trustee William J. Chalmers and his wife Joan Chalmers, who established a fund used to purchase gemstones for the ...

  6. List of individual gemstones - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones

    American Golden Topaz, the largest cut yellow topaz, weighing nearly 23,000 carats (4.6 kg). Chalmers Topaz , a 5,899.5-carat (1.17990 kg) cut topaz. Tsavorite

  7. List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state...

    In 1986, California named benitoite as its state gemstone, a form of the mineral barium titanium silicate that is unique to the Golden State and only found in gem quality in San Benito County. [ 80 ] ^ Colorado is the only state whose geological symbols reflect the national flag's colors: red (rhodochrosite), white (yule marble), and blue ...

  8. Gemstone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

    Rare or unusual gemstones, generally understood to include those gemstones which occur so infrequently in gem quality that they are scarcely known except to connoisseurs, include andalusite, axinite, cassiterite, clinohumite, painite and red beryl. [27] Gemstone pricing and value are governed by factors and characteristics in the quality of the ...

  9. Hierarchy of precious substances - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_precious...

    The measurement of sales of popular music starts high relative to the wedding anniversary scale, concentrating on gold and platinum (see gold album).Likewise, credit card companies usually have a "gold card" and a "platinum card" (many formerly had a "silver card" then followed by a "gold card", but due to similarity in appearance between silver and platinum these were often discontinued with ...

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