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In physics and engineering, heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density [1], heat-flow density or heat-flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time. Its SI units are watts per square metre (W/m 2). It has both a direction and a magnitude, and so it is a vector quantity.
However, one needs to select if the heat flux is based on the pipe inner or the outer diameter. If the heat flux is based on the inner diameter of the pipe, and if the pipe wall is thin compared to this diameter, the curvature of the wall has a negligible effect on heat transfer. In this case, the pipe wall can be approximated as a flat plane ...
The rate of heat flow is the amount of heat that is transferred per unit of time in some material, usually measured in watts (joules per second). Heat is the flow of thermal energy driven by thermal non-equilibrium, so the term 'heat flow' is a redundancy (i.e. a pleonasm). Heat must not be confused with stored thermal energy, and moving a hot ...
In the 1930s metallurgists Albert Portevin and D. Seferian attempted to experimentally determine heat transfer characteristics in welding. [1] They correlated the effects of several factors—material properties, welding process, and part dimensions—on temperature distribution, by performing oxyacetylene (gas) and covered electrode (arc) welds on plates and bars of various profiles, and ...
[1] The U* index theory has been validated through two different physical experiments. [3] Since the U* index predicts the load paths based on the structural stiffness, it is not affected by the stress concentration problems. The load transfer analysis using the U* index is a new design paradigm for vehicle structural design.
On-site heat flux measurements are often focused on testing the thermal transport properties of for example pipes, tanks, ovens and boilers, by calculating the heat flux q or the apparent thermal conductivity. The real-time energy gain or loss is measured under pseudo steady state-conditions with minimal disturbance by a heat flux transducer ...
where ˙ is the heat transferred per unit time, A is the area of the object, h is the heat transfer coefficient, T is the object's surface temperature, and T f is the fluid temperature. [8] The convective heat transfer coefficient is dependent upon the physical properties of the fluid and the physical situation.
q″ o is the uniform surface heat flux; k is the thermal conductivity. [7] Other applications ... Torabi Rad et al. showed that for steel alloys the critical ...