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However, during the defluoridation process the hydroxyapatite dissolves, and increases the pH and phosphate ion concentration which makes the defluoridated water unfit for drinking. [46] Recently, a ″calcium amended-hydroxyapatite″ defluoridation technique was suggested to overcome the phosphate leaching from hydroxyapatite. [ 46 ]
Amorphous calcium phosphate in combination with casein phosphopeptide has been used as a dental treatment to treat incipient dental decay. ACP sees its main use as an occluding agent, which aids in reducing sensitivity. Studies have shown that it does form a remineralized phase of hydroxyapatite consistent with the natural enamel.
Negatives include higher costs and it skilled labour. This process is not suitable for water with high salinity. [2] Calcium amended-hydroxyapatite is the most recent defluoridation technique in which aqueous calcium is amended to the fluoride contaminated water prior to contact with uncalcined synthetic hydroxyapatite adsorbent. [8]
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
Various calcium phosphate minerals, which often are not white owing to impurities, are used in the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers. Overuse of certain forms of calcium phosphate can lead to nutrient -containing surface runoff and subsequent adverse effects upon receiving waters such as algal blooms and eutrophication (over ...
Applying urine as fertilizer has been called "closing the cycle of agricultural nutrient flows" or ecological sanitation or ecosan. Urine fertilizer is usually applied diluted with water because undiluted urine can chemically burn the leaves or roots of some plants, causing plant injury, [19] particularly if the soil moisture content is low ...
Bone meal provides phosphorus and calcium to plants, along with a largely inconsequential amount of nitrogen. [4] The N-P-K rating of bone meal is typically 3–15–0 [5] along with a calcium content of around 12% (18% CaO equiv.), [6] although it can vary quite a bit depending on the source from 1–13–0 to 3–22–0.
A sipper water bottle is a type of bottle used to dispense water for certain pets including rabbits, ferrets, hamsters, chinchillas, gerbils, and other small animals. Typically a sipper bottle consists of a plastic portion used to contain the water, a plastic cap, and a metal tube with a ball bearing inside.