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EBU R 128 is a recommendation for loudness normalisation and maximum level of audio signals. It is primarily followed during audio mixing of television and radio programmes and adopted by broadcasters to measure and control programme loudness. [ 1 ]
Another type of normalization is based on a measure of loudness, wherein the gain is changed to bring the average loudness to a target level. This average may be approximate, such as a simple measurement of average power (e.g. RMS), or more accurate, such as a measure that addresses human perception e.g. that defined by EBU R128 and offered by ReplayGain, Sound Check and GoldWave.
Loudness units relative to full scale (LUFS) is a synonym for LKFS that was introduced in EBU R 128. [ 10 ] The EBU has suggested that the ITU should change the unit to LUFS, as LKFS does not comply with scientific naming conventions and is not in line with the standard set out in ISO 80000-8.
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The U.S. Navy used R and K signals starting in 1929. [citation needed] The QSK code was one of the twelve Q Codes listed in the 1912 International Radiotelegraph Convention Regulations, but may have been in use earlier. [citation needed] The QSA code was included in the Madrid Convention (Appendix 10, General Regulations) sometime prior to 1936.
The crest factor, which is the difference between the signal's peak and its average power, [31] is on occasions considered as a basis for the measure of micro-dynamics, for instance in the TT Dynamic Range Meter plug-in. [32] Finally, R 128 LRA has been repeatedly considered as a measure of macro-dynamics or dynamics in the musical sense.
R128 or R 128 may refer to: EBU R 128 recommendation for loudness management; House R 128, a modernist house in Germany by architect Werner Sobek; R128 road (Ireland), a regional road in Fingal, Ireland