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Yeast fungi, being facultative anaerobes, can either produce energy through ethanol fermentation or aerobic respiration. When the O 2 concentration is low, the two pyruvate molecules formed through glycolysis are each fermented into ethanol and carbon dioxide .
Microbial food cultures are live bacteria, yeasts or moulds used in food production. Microbial food cultures carry out the fermentation process in foodstuffs. Used by humans since the Neolithic period (around 10 000 years BC) [1] fermentation helps to preserve perishable foods and to improve their nutritional and organoleptic qualities (in this case, taste, sight, smell, touch).
Fermentation of sugars by yeast is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production, brewer's yeast in beer fermentation, and yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production. [57] So-called red rice yeast is actually a mold, Monascus purpureus.
Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation is considered an anaerobic process.
Natural fermentation predates human history. Since ancient times, humans have exploited the fermentation process. They likely began fermenting foods unintentionally. To store excess foods, humans placed the items in a container where they were forgotten. Over time, yeast and bacteria started to grow. This led humans to unveil fermented foods. [1]
Beer fermenting at a brewery. Zymology, also known as zymurgy, [a] is an applied science that studies the biochemical process of fermentation and its practical uses. Common topics include the selection of fermenting yeast and bacteria species and their use in brewing, wine making, fermenting milk, and the making of other fermented foods.
The Crabtree effect, named after the English biochemist Herbert Grace Crabtree, [1] describes the phenomenon whereby the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, produces ethanol (alcohol) in aerobic conditions at high external glucose concentrations rather than producing biomass via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the usual process occurring aerobically in most yeasts e.g. Kluyveromyces spp. [2 ...
Fermentation is a biochemical process during which yeast and certain bacteria convert sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide, as well as other metabolic byproducts. [73] [74] The average human digestive system produces approximately 3 g of ethanol per day through fermentation of its contents. [75]