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Manual breast pump. A mother may express milk (remove milk from breasts) for storage and later use. Expression may occur manually with hand expression, or by using a breast pump. [47]: 220 [166] Mothers express milk for multiple reasons. Expressing breast milk can maintain a mother's milk supply when mother and child are apart.
Hand expression of breast milk is the process of using one's hand to remove milk from the breast. It is a useful skill for lactating women to have as it can help relieve engorgement, maintain milk supply, and provide breast milk to a baby in the absence of a breast pump. [1] Hand expression can be done anywhere, anytime and without any special ...
Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present.
During pregnancy, the level of prolactin rises to trigger the development of mammary tissue in the breast to prepare it for milk supply. [17] Yet, due to high levels of progesterone and oestrogen , which are female hormones released from the placenta , milk production is prohibited until the removal of the placenta after labour .
Traditionally, breastfeeding has been defined as the consumption of breastmilk by any means, be it directly at the breast, or feeding expressed breast milk. [3] When direct feeding at the breast is not possible, expressed breast milk retains many unique nutritional and immunological qualities, and as such remains the gold standard for feeding infants. [4]
During pregnancy, the production of prolactin by the mother increases steadily, starting at 6–8 weeks of gestation and continuing until the end of the pregnancy. [32] Prolactin levels in the human fetal circulation see a gradual increase from around 30 weeks of gestation until birth. [ 32 ]
Breast milk (sometimes spelled as breastmilk) or mother's milk is milk produced by the mammary glands in the breasts of women. Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborn infants , comprising fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and a varying composition of minerals and vitamins.
The hormonal endocrine control system drives milk production during pregnancy and the first few days after the birth. When the milk supply is more firmly established, autocrine (or local) control system begins. During this stage, the more that milk is removed from the breasts, the more the breast will produce milk.
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