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In physics and mathematics, in the area of dynamical systems, an elastic pendulum [1] [2] (also called spring pendulum [3] [4] or swinging spring) is a physical system where a piece of mass is connected to a spring so that the resulting motion contains elements of both a simple pendulum and a one-dimensional spring-mass system. [2]
A mass m attached to a spring of spring constant k exhibits simple harmonic motion in closed space. The equation for describing the period: = shows the period of oscillation is independent of the amplitude, though in practice the amplitude should be small. The above equation is also valid in the case when an additional constant force is being ...
When a spring is stretched or compressed by a mass, the spring develops a restoring force. Hooke's law gives the relationship of the force exerted by the spring when the spring is compressed or stretched a certain length: F ( t ) = − k x ( t ) , {\displaystyle F(t)=-kx(t),} where F is the force, k is the spring constant, and x is the ...
Notice =, a homogeneous rod oscillates as if it were a simple pendulum of two-thirds its length. A heavy simple pendulum: combination of a homogeneous rod of mass m r o d {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {rod} }} and length ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } swinging from its end, and a bob m b o b {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {bob} }} at the other end.
In A–B, the particle (represented as a ball attached to a spring) oscillates back and forth. In C–H, some solutions to the Schrödinger Equation are shown, where the horizontal axis is position, and the vertical axis is the real part (blue) or imaginary part (red) of the wavefunction.
The spring-mass system illustrates some common features of oscillation, namely the existence of an equilibrium and the presence of a restoring force which grows stronger the further the system deviates from equilibrium. In the case of the spring-mass system, Hooke's law states that the restoring force of a spring is: =
When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force combined with the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth.
When > and > the spring is called a hardening spring. Conversely, for β < 0 {\displaystyle \beta <0} it is a softening spring (still with α > 0 {\displaystyle \alpha >0} ). Consequently, the adjectives hardening and softening are used with respect to the Duffing equation in general, dependent on the values of β {\displaystyle \beta } (and α ...