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Factors in female mate choice include the woman's own perceived attractiveness, the woman's personal resources, mate copying and parasite stress. [67] Romantic love is the mechanism through which long-term mate choice occurs in human females. [69] In humans, females have to endure a nine-month pregnancy and childbirth. [67]
Female mate choice hinges on many different coinciding male traits, and the trade-off between many of these traits must be assessed. The ultimate traits most salient to female human mate choice, however, are parental investment, resource provision and the provision of good genes to offspring.
Mate preference changes depending on the strategy being used: when searching for a long-term mate, women often tend to emphasise resources, but in the short term, a potential mate's physical attractiveness is weighed more heavily because it is a good indicator of desirable genes.
Male mate value depends on his access to resources while female mate value lies in her youth and fertility. Mate values correspond to future reproductive success likelihood of an individual. [96] Mate value contains the ability of the individual to produce healthy offspring in the future, based on the individual's age and sex. [96]
Additionally, females compete with one another through male mate choice, e.g., by enhancing their own physical attractiveness. [104] Some female anatomical traits are targets of male mate choice and possibly represent female sexual ornaments shaped by selection.
Sexual selection creates colourful differences between sexes in Goldie's bird-of-paradise.Male above; female below. Painting by John Gerrard Keulemans.. Sexual selection is a mechanism of evolution in which members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex ...
In ethology, male-male intrasexual competition occurs when two males of the same species compete for the opportunity to mate with a female. Sexually dimorphic traits, size, sex ratio, [1] and the social situation [2] may all play a role in the effects male-male competition has on the reproductive success of a male and the mate choice of a female.
Female guppies tend to exhibit mate-choice copying by employing visual observation of a demonstrator female's mate choice.. Mate-choice copying requires a highly developed form of social recognition by which the observer (i.e. copier) female recognizes the demonstrator (i.e. chooser) female when mating with a target male and later recognizes the target male to mate with it. [4]