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Carrier-grade NAT. Carrier-grade NAT (CGN or CGNAT), also known as large-scale NAT (LSN), is a type of network address translation (NAT) used by ISPs in IPv4 network design. With CGNAT, end sites, in particular residential networks, are configured with private network addresses that are translated to public IPv4 addresses by middlebox network address translator devices embedded in the network ...
Lumen Technologies, Inc. (formerly CenturyLink, Inc.) is an American telecommunications company headquartered in Monroe, Louisiana, which offers communications, network services, security, cloud solutions, voice and managed services through its fiber optic and copper networks, as well as its data centers and cloud computing services.
Level 3 Communications, Inc. was an American multinational telecommunications and Internet service provider company headquartered in Broomfield, Colorado. [4] It ultimately became a part of CenturyLink (now Lumen Technologies), where Level 3 President and CEO Jeff Storey was installed as Chief Operating Officer, becoming CEO of CenturyLink one year later in a prearranged succession plan.
Qwest Corporation, doing business as CenturyLink QC, is a Regional Bell Operating Company owned by Lumen Technologies. It was originally named Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company , later becoming known as Mountain Bell , then US West Communications, Inc. from 1991 to 2000.
Canada's DATAPAC was the world's first public data network designed specifically for X.25 when it opened for use in 1976. [7]A 1983 project to network approximately 20 Canadian universities was initiated and driven at the University of Guelph by a small team including Bob McQueen, Kent Percival and Peter Jaspers-Fayer with the aim to share files and transfer emails.
Embarq Corporation was the largest independent local exchange carrier in the United States (below the Baby Bells), [2] serving customers in 18 states and providing local, long-distance, high-speed data and wireless services to residential and business customers.
This system's capacity is wholesaled to fifteen service providers who in turn provide retail services to the market. A final model is a provision of all layers of service, such as in Chaska, Minnesota , where the city has built and operated a Wi-Fi Internet network that provides email and web hosting applications.
The fiber node may be reverse-powered by the subscriber modem. [27] For the backhaul of the FTTdp fiber node, the Broadband Forum's FTTdp architecture provides GPON, XG-PON1, EPON, 10G-EPON, point-to-point fiber Ethernet, and bonded VDSL2 as options. [8] [30] G.Fast was used in the UK before the deployment of faster fiber to the premises ...