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Significant toxicity from benzodiazepines can occur in the elderly as a result of long-term use. [112] Benzodiazepines, along with antihypertensives and drugs affecting the cholinergic system, are the most common cause of drug-induced dementia affecting over 10 percent of patients attending memory clinics.
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome (BZD withdrawal) is the cluster of signs and symptoms that may emerge when a person who has been taking benzodiazepines as prescribed develops a physical dependence on them and then reduces the dose or stops taking them without a safe taper schedule.
Failure to treat benzodiazepine dependence in the elderly can cause serious medical complications. [14] The elderly have less cognitive reserve and are more sensitive to the short (e.g., in between dose withdrawal) and protracted withdrawal effects of benzodiazepines, as well as the side-effects both from short-term and long-term use.
Clonazepam, like other benzodiazepines, may impair a person's ability to drive or operate machinery. The central nervous system depressing effects of the drug can be intensified by alcohol consumption, so alcohol should be avoided while taking this medication. Benzodiazepines have been shown to cause dependence.
[87] [108] Less common side effects include nausea and changes in appetite, blurred vision, confusion, euphoria, depersonalization and nightmares. Cases of liver toxicity have been described but are very rare. [24]: 183–189 [112] The long-term effects of benzodiazepine use can include cognitive impairment as well as affective and behavioural ...
This phenomenon can also be observed in adults who use the medication as a sleep aid. The prevalence of this paradoxical reaction is unknown, but research into the phenomenon suggests that it may be as a result of the medicine's interactions with the CYP2D6 enzyme , and that a metabolite of diphenhydramine may be to blame.
Inheritance of these genes is involved in the etiology (cause) of absence seizure. [2] The commonly held belief is that the genetic factor is the primary cause of childhood absence epilepsy. Furthermore, patients with childhood absence epilepsy have also been reported to exhibit certain copy number variations (CNVs), such as 15q11.2, 15q13.3 ...
The symptoms of PBA can be severe, with persistent and unremitting episodes. [4] Characteristics include: The onset can be sudden and unpredictable, and has been described by some patients as coming on like a seizure; The outbursts have a typical duration of a few seconds to several minutes; and, The outbursts may happen several times a day.