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The std::string class is the standard representation for a text string since C++98. The class provides some typical string operations like comparison, concatenation, find and replace, and a function for obtaining substrings. An std::string can be constructed from a C-style string, and a C-style string can also be obtained from one. [7]
Many Unicode characters are used to control the interpretation or display of text, but these characters themselves have no visual or spatial representation. For example, the null character (U+0000 NULL) is used in C-programming application environments to indicate the end of a string of characters.
Generally, the term string means a string where the code unit is of type char, which is exactly 8 bits on all modern machines. C90 defines wide strings [1] which use a code unit of type wchar_t, which is 16 or 32 bits on modern machines. This was intended for Unicode but it is increasingly common to use UTF-8 in normal strings for Unicode instead.
C++11 allows raw strings, unicode strings (UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32), and wide character strings, determined by prefixes. It also adds literals for the existing C++ string, which is generally preferred to the existing C-style strings. In Tcl, brace-delimited strings are literal, while quote-delimited strings have escaping and interpolation.
International Components for Unicode (ICU) is an open-source project of mature C/C++ and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization, and software globalization. ICU is widely portable to many operating systems and environments.
C string handling — overview of C string handling; C++ string handling — overview of C++ string handling; Comparison of programming languages (string functions) Connection string — passed to a driver to initiate a connection (e.g., to a database) Empty string — its properties and representation in programming languages
An ISO 2047 graphical representation: Unicode U+237E (⍾), "graphic for bell" Caret notation in ASCII, where code point 00xxxxx is represented as a caret followed by the capital letter at code point 10xxxxx: ^G; An escape sequence, as in C/C++ character string codes: \a, \007, \x07, etc.
A system influenced by Unicode 1.0, such as Windows, tends to mainly use "wide strings" made out of wide character units. Other systems such as the Unix-likes, however, tend to retain the 8-bit "narrow string" convention, using a multibyte encoding (almost universally UTF-8) to handle "wide" characters. [5]