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Related processes are known that use molten NaCl to give chlorine and sodium metal or condensed hydrogen chloride to give hydrogen and chlorine. The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and ...
In oxychlorination, hydrogen chloride instead of the more expensive chlorine is used for the same purpose: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 HCl + 1 ⁄ 2 O 2 → ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl + H 2 O. Secondary and tertiary alcohols react with hydrogen chloride to give the corresponding chlorides. In the laboratory, the related reaction involving zinc chloride in concentrated ...
In photochlorination plants, the quantum yield is about 100. In contrast to the thermal chlorination, which can utilize the formed reaction energy, the energy required to maintain the photochemical reaction must be constantly delivered. [21] The presence of inhibitors, such as oxygen or nitrogen oxides, must be avoided. Too high chlorine ...
Energy consumption per unit weight of product is not far below that for iron and steel manufacture [13] and greater than for the production of glass [14] or cement. [15] Since electricity is an indispensable raw material for the production of chlorine, the energy consumption corresponding to the electrochemical reaction cannot be reduced ...
Oxychlorination is employed in the conversion of ethylene into vinyl chloride. In the first step in this process, ethylene undergoes oxychlorination to give ethylene chloride: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 HCl + ½ O 2 → ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl + H 2 O. Oxychlorination is of special importance in the making of 1,2-dichloroethane, which is then converted into vinyl ...
Ultraviolet radiation splits a chlorine molecule to two chlorine atom radicals. Methane chlorination: initiation Chain propagation (two steps) A radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from methane, leaving a primary methyl radical. The methyl radical then abstracts Cl • from Cl 2 to give the desired product and another chlorine radical.
Double-addition of chlorine gas to ethyne. Unsaturated compounds, especially alkenes and alkynes, add halogens: R−CH=CH−R' + X 2 → R−CHX−CHX−R' In oxychlorination, the combination of hydrogen chloride and oxygen serves as the equivalent of chlorine, as illustrated by this route to 1,2-dichloroethane:
One side of the channel is a cathode, the other is an anode. A low voltage DC current is applied, electrolysis happens producing sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen gas (H 2). The solution travels to a tank that separates the hydrogen gas based on its low density. [1] Only water and sodium chloride are used. The simplified chemical reaction is: