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An epidural blood patch (EBP) is a surgical procedure that uses autologous blood, meaning the patient's own blood, in order to close one or many holes in the dura mater of the spinal cord, which occurred as a complication of a lumbar puncture or epidural placement. [1] [2] The punctured dura causes cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF leak). [1]
Empirical and theoretical work on bipolar disorder has throughout history "seesawed" between psychological and biological ways of understanding. Despite the work of Kraepelin (1921) emphasizing the psychosocial context, conceptions of bipolar disorder as a genetically based illness dominated the 20th century. Since the 1990s, however, there has ...
Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926). The Kraepelinian dichotomy is the division of the major endogenous psychoses into the disease concepts of dementia praecox, which was reformulated as schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler by 1908, [1] [2] and manic-depressive psychosis, which has now been reconceived as bipolar disorder. [3]
Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic, in full remission: 296.45: Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic, in partial remission: 296.41: Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic, mild: 296.42: Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic, moderate: 296.44: Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic, severe with psychotic ...
People with bipolar disorder often have other co-existing psychiatric conditions such as anxiety (present in about 71% of people with bipolar disorder), substance abuse (56%), personality disorders (36%) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (10–20%) which can add to the burden of illness and worsen the prognosis. [24]
Spinal decompression is the relief of pressure on the spinal cord or on one or more compressed nerve roots passing through or exiting the spinal column. [1] Decompression of the spinal neural elements is a key component in treating spinal radiculopathy , myelopathy and claudication .
Bertolotti's syndrome is a commonly missed cause of back pain which occurs due to lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV). It is a congenital condition but is not usually symptomatic until one's later twenties or early thirties. [1] However, there are a few cases of Bertolotti's that become symptomatic at a much earlier age.
Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder with cyclical periods of depression and periods of elevated mood. [1] The elevated mood is significant and is known as mania , a severe elevation that can be accompanied by psychosis in some cases, or hypomania , a milder form of mania.