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Expansion of the caliphate, 622–750 CE: (Muhammad, 622–632 CE; Rashidun caliphate, 632–661 CE; Umayyad caliphate, 661–750 CE) Spanish Mapa de la expansión del califato Rashidun
They also misjudged Charles Martel, who was determined to prevent the expansion of the Caliphate over the Pyrenees into the heart of Christian Europe. [citation needed] This was a disastrous mistake which led to the defeat of Abd Al-Rahman in 732 near Poitiers, south of the river Loire. The Frankish leader chose the battlefield.
The Abbasid caliphate was struggling with political disturbances and losing its aura of universal legitimacy. There had previously been Coptic and Shia Alid-led movements in Egypt and Baghdad, without more than temporary and local success. There was also a struggle for power between the Turkish military command and the administration of Baghdad ...
Map of the Maghreb after the Berber Revolt (743). [20] Although the area was under control of the caliphate, there were still some sections of the population that would resist the spread of Islam. The Berber people were thought of as inferior and made to convert to Islam and join the Arab army, receiving less pay than an Arab would have. [21]
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Map of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1870 and surrounding states, including Bornu Although the Mai held a military advantage over the Fulani, al-Kanemi's contribution to this victory was clear. According to Dr. Heinrich Barth , a German explorer who visited Bornu in the 1850s, "the inspiring fanaticism of [al-Kanemi], and by the courage and valour of ...
The Arab conquest of Mesopotamia was carried out by the Rashidun Caliphate from 633 to 638 AD. The Arab Muslim forces of Caliph Umar first attacked Sasanian territory in 633, when Khalid ibn al-Walid invaded Mesopotamia (then known as the Sasanian province of Asōristān; roughly corresponding to modern-day Iraq), which was the political and economic centre of the Sasanian state. [1]
The 3rd Rashidun Caliph, Uthman (r. 644–656) continued the policy of military expansion carried out by his predecessors, Umar and Abu Bakr.During his reign, the caliphate stretched from Tripolitania, Egypt, and Anatolia to Greater Khorasan and Sindh and reached its greatest extent in 654 CE.